In general, government officials (especially Andrew Anderson) permitted Flagler to widen the roads and to dredge marshes to establish neighborhoods. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. Several years later, in 1870, their only son, Henry Harkness Flagler, was born. Unfortunately, the Key West Extension is viewed as a business failure having "never earned the expected revenue before the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 destroyed it" (Akin 223). "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", Graham, Thomas. Day 2 - Flagler Legacy Tour - Flagler's Churches - St. Augustine Distillery - Dinner at Ice Plant Bar This morning after breakfast, meet your local guide for a Flagler Legacy Tour. Enamoured by what Henry Flagler had been up to down south, droves of rich tourists made that harrowing journey to St. Augustine. . It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. She was the mother of his three children. Along with cheques and stocks, Flagler also gifted his wife with a new estate in Palm Beach, Florida. The Alcazar is today the Lightner Museum, next to the Casa Monica Hotel in St. Augustine that Flagler bought from Franklin W. Smith. For the first time, Flagler was able to experience the warm, sunny atmosphere of Florida. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. [21], Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York. [64], On February 24, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Over-Sea Railroad once terminated. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. As Henry's businesses prospered, they moved to New York City. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. It was a small town of roughly 1,000 individuals, but familial connections led to a job at a general store. She endured three more frigid northern winters until in 1881, when at the age of forty-eight, Mary Harkness Flagler died. Because he was famous and successful and he made a lot of things in Florida. HENRY FLAGLER "Father of Florida" American Industrialist Early Days was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, raised in a. Within six years, Henry was earning enough money to purchase a showy Victorian house in Bellevue. 0:00. [32] More threatening to Standard's power was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. Dr. George G. Shelton, a graduate of New York's Homeopathic Medical College, was assisted by three nurses when Henry Flagler's daughter Jennie Louise Benedict died in 1889 following post-partum complications while journeying to visit her father on board the yacht Oneida headed to St. Augustine. Two years after her death, he married her nurse, Ida Alice Shourds. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. [26], Its vast American empire included 20,000 domestic wells, 4,000 miles of pipeline, 5,000 tank cars, and over 100,000 employees. He had caught the smell of opportunity in Florida and would eventually follow it all the way south to Key West. The Standard Guide to St. Augustine. Carrie died at the age of 3. He never recovered and died in Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20, 1913 at 83 years of age. "[24], At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. So, the Flagler family (Henry, Mary, little Harry, Jennie, and her first husband, John Arthur Hinckley) spent the winter of 1877-1878 in St. Augustine. Their only son was born in 1870. In 1853, Flagler married Mary Harkness, the daughter of Lamon Harkness - owner of the general store where he was formerly employed. St. Augustine, FL: The St. Augustine Historical Society. He was born in New York. After construction for the Ponce de Leon and the Alcazar were underway in St. Augustine, Flagler's railroad properties started to expand southwards. After her husband died, Julia and her children returned to Ft. Dallas and purchased 640 acres on the north shore of the Miami River. [citation needed], In 1912, the Florida Overseas Railroad was completed to Key West. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida Whatever the case may be, Flagler focused on his family and his fortune during the years of 1861 to 1865. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach, by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Expert Help. We Floridians have a very specific image of Henry Flagler in our minds: he is an old man with bright eyes cast in bronze. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was an American philanthropist and heiress who became notorious when she married one of the richest men of the Gilded Age. [12], Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Rockefeller worked in association with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews. In 1901, U.S. Steel, now controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan, having bought Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. Ida. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. After two years of institutionalization and much assessment by the courts, Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was legally ruled incurably insane in 1899. The Awakening of Saint Augustine: The Anderson Family and the Oldest City: 1821-1924. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. The baby, named Margery, died when she was only a few hours old. It was in the late 1850s that Flagler met John D. Rockefeller who was working for a Cleveland grain broker and traveled the hinterlands in search of business. In Bellevue he courted and married his step-uncle's (Lamon Harkness) second daughter, Mary Harkness, November 9, 1853. However there were many reports harsh working conditions and forced indebtedness to the company, and malfeasance by labor agents who hired men for the railway. Her eldest daughter, Jennie Louise, was twenty- six. As you can tell, Flagler spared no expense in constructing the Ponce de Leon Hotel, sometimes called 'The Prince of Hotels' by newspapers of the time. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. Flamingo Visitor Center is 24 miles away. Their efforts to monopolize the oil industry are referred to as the 'Cleveland Massacre,' and though John D. Rockefeller is generally more well-known than Henry Flagler, quotes from Rockefeller credit Flagler with the monopolization idea. The company expanded into the grain and distillery businesses, and the latter was sold after making considerable money. [20] The New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. Henry Morrison Flagler Museum: Very Disappointing - See 1,507 traveler reviews, 1,197 candid photos, and great deals for Palm Beach, FL, at Tripadvisor. Played by Tom Amandes. Henry Flagler's first visit to Florida was in the winter of 1878-9. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. Perhaps because of the economic success that Flagler's industries had delivered to the state or perhaps because of direct funding being delivered to individual senators, Flagler was able to convince the legislature to pass a little bill for him in April of 1901. As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. View Henry Flagler.pptx from HISTORY 10 at Jupiter High School. In less than four months in 1872, in what was later known as "The Cleveland Conquest" or "The Cleveland Massacre", Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. He married his second wife, Miss Ida Shrouds, the daughter of a Philadelphia minister, in 1883. PROLOGUE: In 1844, Henry Flagler dropped out of school. The mausoleum adjacent to the church is where Flagler, his daughter, granddaughter and first wife are buried. St. Augustine, FL: Flagler College, 2013. [3], Flagler attended local schools through eighth grade. "Henry M. Flagler's Hotel Ponce de Len.". "The Mary Lily Kenan Conspiracy." This was the beginning of the Standard Oil company, which would catapult both men into unimaginable levels of wealth. In the case of Henry Flagler's life, it seems his personal troubles compounded in the 1890s. The Venetian Renaissance style of the church is reflected in the pointed arches and Byzantine dome. [29] Robert Nobel had established his own refining enterprise in the abundant and cheaper Russian oil fields, including the region's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker. Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. An immense engineering effort was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. Through his work with the Harkness company, Henry Flagler made the acquaintance of John D. Rockefeller. Here is a list of Flagler's hotels (that he either purchased or built) along Florida's east coast: To learn more about Henry Flagler's East Coast Railway, consult the 'Works Referenced' section at the end of this Historical Person profile. George Matthews, great-grandson of Henry Morrison Flagler, has served as the Flagler Museum's president for the past 42 years. His mother, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness, had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. Indeed, there was a legal loophole provided to affluent Americans they were allowed to pay $300 to the government and hire a substitute to serve in their place. [30] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. Henry Flagler was seventy-one, whilst his beaming bride was thirty-four. [11] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Covert, Robert. The future "founder" of Florida found St. Augustine to be dirty, depressing, and worst of all boring. He is known as the father of St. Augustine, Mia When Mary contracted tuberculosis, at her doctor's recommendation they traveled . University Press of Florida. Dazzled by the prospect of tremendous wealth and supported by his father-in-law, Flagler followed the smell of money to Michigan. Commander John Flagler, USN. (2022). After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. McGuire & McDonald were in charge of construction. Instead of attending lunch with his fellow businessmen, he took to hosting grand parties at his new summer estate (which was ominously named "Satan's Toe"). According to historian David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler is believed to either have bought a deferment in 1862 or provided the government supplies instead of service. Gainesville, FL. In just eighteen months of harried work and lavish spending, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was opened for business in January of 1888. At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether the two were having an affair. That same year Flagler completed the Hotel Continental in Jacksonville. Mary Harkness had been frail since childhood and her father often sent to a boarding school Savannah, Georgia as a means of sparing her from harsh northern winters. A railroad and oil magnate who laid claim to Florida's east coast. He served as a vice president through 1908 and was part of ownership until 1911. '"[42] Flagler served as an active part of Standard Oil until 1882, when he stepped back to take a secondary role at Standard Oil. Visually exquisite, the Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church was built by Henry Flagler in 1889. I wish I had the brains to think of it. (However, when Harry Flagler was asked about this later, he denied that Ida Alice had ever been his mother's nurse.). Henry Morrison Flagler (1830 - 1913) Henry Morrison Flagler Born 2 Jan 1830 in Hopewell, Ontario, New York, USA Ancestors Son of Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth (Caldwell) Flagler Brother of Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness [half] and Daniel Morrison Harkness [half] Husband of Mary (Harkness) Flagler married 9 Nov 1853 (to 18 May 1881) in Huron, Ohio . Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, to Reverend and Mrs. Isaac Flagler. Harry and Annie's daughter Jean Louise Flagler made Palm Beach a large part of her life. [citation needed], Although Standard Oil was a partnership, Flagler was credited as the brain behind the booming oil refining business. She lived the rest of her life in New York, under strict supervision by her guardians (who were chosen by Flagler, of course). Asylum records from this era show women being admitted and held for ailments such as "suppressed menses", "mental {or} religious excitement", and the infamous catch-all "hysteria". However, the boom did not last. Indeed, Mary Harkness Flagler's ailments first brought Henry Flagler to Far Florida. VisitStAugustine.com. In February of 1885, the couple took a delayed honeymoon to St. Augustine Ida Alice was thirty-seven and Henry Flagler was fifty-five. But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. Only his son Harry Harkness Flagler survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. He was the baby of the household, being born several years after the youngest of his siblings. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me." Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was a United States tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and Rockefeller partner in Standard Oil. He was a founder of Standard Oil. MLA: VisitStAugustine.com. He declined the honor, persuading them to use an old Indian name, "Mayaimi". He was connected with government officials and industry elites. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. Last Train to Paradise. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. "[35], Flagler and Rockefeller continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. After their wedding, the couple traveled to Saint Augustine. By 1849, Flagler was promoted to the sales staff at a salary of $40 per month. That craze mounted when two months later, Flagler filed for divorce in Dade County and was granted such on August 13th, 1901. His project to connect the east coast of the United States from top to bottom was completed when the first Florida East Coast Railway car pulled into Key West in 1912. Featuring air conditioning, The Henry Flagler offers accommodations in Layton. His father was Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and great-grandson of Zacharra Flegler, whose family had emigrated from the German Palatinate region to Holland in 1688. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. So, Henry was the youngest of a large mixed family. In 1868, at age 37, Flagler joined with John Rockefeller and Samuel Andrews to form the Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler Oil Refinery. Last (and perhaps most importantly), the truth is a hard thing to garner when it comes to what happened in the past even harder than it is today. Flagler engaged Thomas Hastings and Jean Carrere of the Carrere & Hastings architectural firm to design the hotel. Along with that, Henry Flagler being referred to as a 'Robber Baron' alongside businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller is no exaggeration. Thus began an era of Flagler's life that he never spoke about to the press one of scrimping and scraping. Henry had 3 siblings: Melacinda Flagler and 2 other siblings. whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. However, much to Flagler's chagrin, he had no legal grounds to be granted a divorce from Alice in New York or Florida. He was even given permission to use the coquina quarry on Anastasia Island to source materials for his state-of-the-art hotels. [18][19] Standard countered and held back its shipments and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest as well. In June 1870, Flagler and Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio, which rapidly became the most profitable refiner in Ohio. 3 episodes. Those who failed to fulfill these expectations were often punished for it. While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. For a time, Ida Alice and Henry Flagler both stayed and entertained guests within Kirkside, but trouble was on the horizon for Flagler and his second wife. Flagler suffered additional family tragedies when his oldest daughter died from complications of childbirth in 1899. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. Craze became frenzy when Mary Lily Kenan and Henry Flagler married on August 24th, 1901. Flagler divorced Shourds in 1901 and just 10 days later married Mary Lily Kenan. After Mary died Henry married her nurse-caregiver, Ida Alice Shourds. Graham, Thomas. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. If you stroll through the area of St. Augustine immediately west of downtown, you will experience the extraordinary influence of New Yorker Henry Morrison . The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. He found that salt mining required more technical knowledge than he had and struggled in the industry during the Civil War. Captain of the submarine USS Watertown (SSN-696) who reluctantly helps Harm and Mac with investigations involving a boat he commanded. Because he had a hard personal life and was a cutthroat business man. He was 14 years old, and leaving the home of his parents in Hopewell, N.J., to . [41] Standard Oil's combined assets equalled approximately $42,882,650 (equivalent to $1.29billion in 2021[6]) in Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York and Ohio. Henry B Flagler was born on month day 1836, at birth place, New York, to Thomas Flagler and Rachael M Flagler. Augustine. [13] Eventually, even former antagonists Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. Many people were curious about Henry Flagler's decision to launch a new business venture during his twilight years. Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Architecture & Decoration. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. The case can be made that Flagler was the intellectual genius who devised both the overall concepts and the details of the company policies and programs that turned Standard Oil into the most feared, powerful, and profitable company of the 19th and early . In 1885, Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City to the iconic 26 Broadway location. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway, much of which he built through convict leasing. 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