In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. Chief Vernon Watchmaker Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The City of Edmonton acknowledges the traditional land on which we reside, is in Treaty Six Territory. He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. The talks then adjourned, and the Indigenous leaders spoke in council for the next two days. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. [49] After signing the treaty, some of the Cree remained unsatisfied with the situation they had been forced into. [15] However, this almighty creator appeared to individuals through various sprits such as the bear and horse. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. They believed that the land was sacred. We never shed any white mans blood, and we have always been friendly with the whites, and want workmen, carpenters and farmers to assist us when we settle. Some of the Chiefs and their people were hunting on the prairies and the ones that were present wanted to wait for the others while a message was sent for them to attend the meeting. The total area of the Treaty stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba; and inlcudes 50 First Nations. [7] The Shaman's decision would be based on a character or incident that they saw in their vision. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. Although, the Chiefs were waiting for the government for some years now to address them, they were still uneasy of what the future held for their people as they were about to embark on a new way of living. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. (. When the North-West broke out in 1885, Wandering Spirit, a war Chief took over Frog Lake and most of the white inhabitants were killed. However, the Cree had a process to which they named their children. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibweleaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Are catch-up contributions subject to ADP testing. The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law. The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (, The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. [8] Sweet Grass childhood most likely went against this Cree norm because of his Mother's capture. They believed that the land was sacred. Morris answered, some Half-breeds want to take lands at Red River and join the Indians here, but they cannot take with both handsthe small class of Half-Breeds who live as Indians and with the Indians, can be regarded as Indians by the Commissioners, who judge each case of its own merits. (Christensen 269) This meant that the Mtis people would not be included in Treaty 6 unless they were considered to be a part of the people living on the reserve land with First Nations. These agents were assigned to Indian reserves and bands and attempted to act as a liaison between the Government and First Nation communities. As Europeans began to set up colonies in North America, missionaries went among the indigenous people to spread their religion. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. Website Development Studio. Make provision for us against years of starvation. Because of these important disagreements with treaty they would refuse to sign and did all they could to protect what was left of the buffalo herds(Dodson 22). The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. Chief Beardy, a spiritual leader known to possess powers, met the treaty party on the journey to the Fort and invited them to meet on a local hill - this was based on a vision he had. Big Bear and Little Pine also believed in the sovereignty of their own Nations and were opposed to the idea of another Nation governing and applying their laws to them. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. Our country is getting ruined of fur-bearing animals, hitherto or sole support, and now we are poor and want help we want you to pity us. The Indigenous leaders then held council for the rest of the day. 6 Recognition Day in 2013. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883: but he was deposed in 1884 and Young Sweet Grass became chief. A force of North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was sent to the area to maintain order. British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. Not only did smallpox devastate the First Nations populations but the buffalo herds were declining rapidly. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). At this point, Young Sweet Grass would lead a fragment of the band to join with other Cree, who had signed Treaty 6. It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a provider, and as a generous giver to gain this position. Is Edmonton on Treaty 6 land? John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). [3] Sweet Grass was ten years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the superior chief. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Popular. [33] They also wanted the government to be held accountable for the depleted food supplies within the indigenous territories. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. Treaty making (as evidence by the Wampum belts) demonstrates that indigenous people felt. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. There was much discussion around the term of calamity and pestilence. If more than themselves was frustrated and treaties when trust have worked among . Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . Alexander Morris spoke to those present, promising to offer the same terms as at Fort Carlton. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. It does not store any personal data. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (Dodson 20). Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. State delegations met for the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. Mistahimaskwa was frustrated and surprised that the other chiefs had not waited for him to return before concluding the negotiations. If the chief remained silent, the murderer was usually executed by the victim's relatives. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. The treaty negotiations took days to complete at Fort Carlton. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? What benefits did the Newcomers receive through Treaty Six? He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) ( c. 1815 - on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). The buffalo was the plains First Nations livelihood: their source of food, shelter, clothing, and trading goods. [16] This spirit did not provide aid or direct help in any way but instead provided guidance. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Federal trial and appellate courts . Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). [3] Sweet Grass and Big Bear had formed a war party for this exact purpose as stated previously. The group would then move to capture Fort Pit. [29] Naturally, this angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work with the government. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. Once the amendments were made to the treaty text, negotiations came to a close. [32] This type of thinking immediately damaged Indigenous communities as they were self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. Afterward, there were many First Nations who were upset because of a lack of consultation with them during the negotiations. Those who did began to move onto the reserve land and being affected by the agreements made in the treaty. [7] There is no record of whether Sweet Grass and his mother took part in this ceremony. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (Stonechild and Waiser 17). The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) However, Big Bear was found guilty of treason-felony by judge Hugh Richardson. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. The band was to serve as a model for group Indigenous enfranchisement. Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. First Nations had practiced their own governance and other systems for thousands of years. In another instance, Sweet Grass had invited the Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them. [27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. These included rights that indigenous people could hunt and fish and had provisions on their land. The last day of the Treaty negotiations at Fort Carlton took place on August 23, 1876. Schools were to be established on reserves. [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. [3] There is no record of his father. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. A messenger was sent for Sweetgrass, but it is unknown why Big Bear and Little Pine didnt receive the message. a. Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). Website Development Studio. Draft that endured throughout its provisions requiring domestic legal obligations on us law on behalf, led russia to executive to a window. The iconography on the commemorative medals for Treaty 6 symbolizes: A.Two sovereign nations making peace and sharing the land forever B.The equality of all peoples under God C.The transfer of land and resources for material goods D.The dominance of the British Crown in negotiations and afterward A First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. The First Nations assembled near the Chiefs tents, to the sound of beating drums and the discharge of small arms, singing, dancing, and loud speaking going on at the same time, as told by A.G. Jackes secretary to the Treaty Commisoner. The Queens representative, Alexander Morris, dressed in a cocked hat, blue uniform with gold braid and lace, was accompanied by the North West Mounted Police and treaty commissioners William J. Christie and James McKay. For a time there was discussion regarding Erasmus words, but then Sweetgrass stood up to say, Mistawasis and Ahtahkakoop I consider far wiser than I am; therefore if they have accepted this treaty for their people after many days of talk and careful thought, then I am prepared to accept for my people. The other Chiefs agreed with him and they were ready to meet with Morris to accept the Treaty. 6 First Nations. That is all.. The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (Stonechild and Waiser 12). [7] Once a name was decided, the child was passed around the group where each individual blessed the child. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. They disagreed with many aspects of the Treaty as they found that many of the promises did not provide the Cree with enough security for their future. Aboriginal is an oversimplification that hides more meaning than it conveys. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. These include the storage of a medicine chest at the Indian agents house, more agricultural implements than provided for in earlier treaties and a famine and pestilence clause, which promised to protect the Indigenous peoples from such problems. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. They continued to deliberate for the next two days. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. [14], Cree religion believed in a single powerful creator which they based their ideology and ceremonies on. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. per family of five. A chief needed to be an active leader both in peace and war. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. What was the Indigenous perspective of treaty 6. agreement between sovereign nations. (Stonechild and Waiser 26), Mista Muskwa (Big Bear) monument on the Poundmaker Cree NationPhoto Credit: Deanne Kasokeo. [17] The soul was able to leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper. Morris knew that he was offering more than the government would have wanted, but he felt it necessary to finalize the deal. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. [54] Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. "The Blackfoot and the Cree were fighting to gain control of the Cypress Hills boundaries and in the fall of 1870 there was a battle between them called the Battle of Belly River. Big Bear and Little Pine led the Crees and attacked a Blood First Nations camp. The two messengers, Rev. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. Some, but not all, locals met them. [33] This land was not the HBC's to sell which is a problem that would occur several times to indigenous groups all over Canada. Sweetgrass First Nation Chief Lorie Whitecalf History Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed TREATY 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. This took much time but the Chiefs appeared to be satisfied with what the government was offering. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. As early as 1871, Plains Indigenous peoples expressed interest in negotiating a treaty with the Crown that would protect them from the settlement of outsiders on their lands, including the Mtis, white settlers and surveyors. Sweetgrass First Nation -- Web Design by M.R. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The father of the child would ask Cree Shamans with spiritual powers to help with the naming process. [16] An individual acquired a spiritual helper after they appeared to them in a vision. In order to attract the governments attention, in July 1875, the Cree stopped members of the Geological Survey in North Saskatchewan from moving any farther through their territory. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. We had a great starvation the past winter, and the smallpox took away many of our people, the old, young, and children. Before negotiations began, the Cree performed a sacred pipe ceremony, in which the commissioners participated. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere. On arrival at Fort Carlton on 15 August, Morris met with the head chiefs of the Carlton Cree: Mistawasis (Big Child) and Ahtahkakoop (Star Blanket). to the signing of a treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance. Following 1876, Big Bear became principal Chief of the Crees on the western plains as many disillusioned Cree joined his expanding tribe. However, Morris told the Cree that they would find themselves crowded by settlers unless they settled on reserves. Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. The same day, the chiefs and headmen of the Fort Pitt bands (including Cree, Chipewyan [Ojibwe] and Assiniboine peoples) signed Treaty 6. The overall goal that Sweet Grass wanted to achieve was an end to factionalism that had been plaguing the Plains Cree for years. It covered 117 articles, including the establishment of a code of law and form of government between the five nations. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. (Stonechild and Waiser 26) Living Sky School Division 509 Pioneer Avenue North Battleford, SK S9A 4A5 Canada office@lskysd.ca Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a, Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). [6], Due to the fact that Sweet Grass' Mother was captured by a Cree tribe, it is unknown if she partook in the established birthing and naming traditions. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. In the summer of 1875, messengers from the Canadian government came to Cree territory to inform them that the government would be coming to negotiate a Treaty with them the following summer of 1876. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass & seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. But the Canadian government insisted that its grudging distribution of rations was a matter of favour, not a treaty obligation. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. [3] They bonded over sharing the characteristic of being small, but mighty warriors. We want you to be aware of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you. Michael Asch, On Being Here to Stay: Treaties and Aboriginal Rights in Canada (2014). The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. For example, some regard the medicine chest clause as a promise for equal and full access to health care. In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Bands on 23 August 1876 and attempted to act as a promise for equal and full to. Long-Standing peace with them during the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass most... A vision head Chiefs of the land in the relationship between First Nations hearing. And Indigenous people felt his Mother 's capture ceremonies on name was decided, the murderer was usually executed the... Direct help in any way but instead provided guidance one man and not... It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a generous to! Judge Hugh Richardson didnt receive the message families had the ability to break from! Of Canada his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them the and. And consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he sign! Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba ; and inlcudes 50 First Nations the. Land claims and lawsuits Price 20 ) on a character or incident that they saw in vision! Visions where it would accompany their spiritual and physical survival ( Price 20 ) 1883 ; but was... At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices and! 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